What is electrostatic discharge (ESD)?

When two different materials come into contact, electrons are transferred from one material to the other. However, while these materials are in contact with each other, positive and negative ions are in equilibrium. In this state, static electricity cannot be detected. You experience static electricity when you separate these differently charged materials. Suppose, for example, that you are wearing a polyester down jacket on top of a wool sweater. Then, the sweater becomes negatively charged because friction causes electrons to move from the down jacket to the sweater. At this time, the down jacket becomes positively charged. When you then take off the sweater, you might experience electrostatic sparks as some electrons on the sweater are discharged to the down jacket.
Look at Figure 1. Polyvinyl chloride and human hair are far away from each other in the triboelectric series as highlighted by magenta arrows. The farther away two materials are from each other, the greater the charge they build up. This means that more ESD energy is discharged when they are separated. You rarely get static shocks when you take off a cotton shirt.

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Static electricity is akin to the charging of a capacitor. To prevent ESD events, it is important to avoid the buildup of charge.&#;There are several ways to prevent static electricity:

1. In the case of a metal, connect it to ground.
2. Increase humidity to reduce the surface impedance of a material.
3. Use an ionizer to ionize the atmosphere with the opposite polarity to that of the charged object in order to neutralize the electrostatic charge.&#;

Electronics manufacturers implement these measures to prevent static electricity from being produced.
However, there is no way to eliminate static electricity. So, ICs generally incorporate ESD protection circuitry at I/O pins because they could be damaged or destroyed by ESD energy.
Although such ESD protection circuitry provides protection against relatively small ESD transients that occur in a device under protection (device-level ESD), it cannot withstand ESD transients that are introduced into ICs via USB and other ports (system-level ESD). Keep in mind that electronic devices are constantly exposed to system-level ESD in our daily life.
To protect ICs from system-level ESD, it is necessary to add external ESD protection diodes. For details, visit the following FAQs:

FAQs:

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Overview

A six-part series on Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) prepared by EOS/ESD Association, Inc.

This series deals primarily with ESD issues encountered in the manufacturing and assembly of devices in ESD-controlled environments.

Note: There are Device documents and Working Groups (WG5.6, WG14, WG25 and WG 26) specializing in advanced topics for system-level ESD design and testing for end-user or uncontrolled field environments.

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• Part 1: An Introduction to ESD
  To many people, Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) is only experienced as a shock when touching a metal doorknob after walking across a carpeted floor or after sliding across a car seat. However, static electricity and ESD have been a serious industrial problem for centuries...
• Part 2: Principles of ESD Control
  Protecting products from the effects of ESD damage begins by understanding these key concepts of electrostatic charges and discharges. An effective ESD control program requires an effective training program where all personnel involved understand the key concepts...
• Part 3: Basic ESD Control Procedures and Materials
  We will concentrate on the primary materials and procedures that reduce electrostatic charge generation, remove charges to ground, and neutralize charges to protect sensitive products from ESD...
• Part 4: Training and Auditing
  Your static control program is up and running. How do you determine whether it is effective? How do you make sure your employees follow it? We will focus on two ESD control program plan requirements: training and compliance verification auditing...
• Part 5: Device Sensitivity and Testing
  We will cover the models and test procedures used to characterize, determine, and classify the sensitivity of components to ESD. These test procedures are based on the two primary models of ESD events: Human Body Model (HBM) and Charged Device Model (CDM)...
• Part 6: ESD Standards
  The electronics industry is continually shifting. Device density and technology are more complex. Electronics manufacturing is more heavily reliant on outsourcing. Standards provide guidance in developing programs that effectively address ESD process control...

Translated Fundamentals (PDFs)